There is a central conducting core in the nerves called the axon that carries an electric signal. Many of the body’s nerves are like household wires.
In these cases, the disorder is life-threatening-potentially interfering with breathing and, at times, with blood pressure or heart rate. These symptoms can increase in intensity over a period of hours, days, or weeks until certain muscles cannot be used at all and, when severe, the person is almost totally paralyzed. Problems with digestion and/or bladder control.Abnormal heart beat/rate or blood pressure.Pain that can be severe, particularly at night.Pricking or pins and needles sensations in the hands and feet.Difficulty swallowing, speaking, or chewing.In addition to muscle weakness, symptoms may include: Most people reach the greatest stage of weakness within the first two weeks after symptoms appear by the third week 90 percent of affected individuals are at their weakest. Occasionally symptoms start in the upper body and move down to the legs and feet. Symptoms often affect the arms, breathing muscles, and even the face, reflecting more widespread nerve damage. The weakness may first appear as difficulty climbing stairs or with walking. Weakness on both sides of the body is the major symptom that prompts most people to seek medical attention. These sensations tend to disappear before the major, longer-term symptoms appear. Children will also show symptoms with difficulty walking and may refuse to walk. Unexplained sensations often occur first, such as tingling in the feet or hands, or even pain (especially in children), often starting in the legs or back. Recently, some countries worldwide reported an increased incidence of GBS following infection with the Zika virus. In rare cases vaccinations may increase the risk of GBS. Occasionally surgery will trigger the syndrome. Most cases usually start a few days or weeks following a respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infection. In Guillain-Barré syndrome, however, the immune system mistakenly attacks the healthy nerves. Normally the immune system uses antibodies (molecules produced in an immune response) and special white blood cells to protect us by attacking infecting microorganisms (bacteria and viruses). Since the body’s own immune system does the damage, GBS is called an autoimmune disease (“auto” meaning “self”). It is thought that, at least in some cases, this immune attack is initiated to fight an infection and that some chemicals on infecting bacteria and viruses resemble those on nerve cells, which, in turn, also become targets of attack. What they do know is that the affected person's immune system begins to attack the body itself. Researchers don’t know why it strikes some people and not others. GBS is estimated to affect about one person in 100,000 each year. It can strike at any age (although it is more frequent in adults and older people) and both sexes are equally prone to the disorder. Guillain-Barré syndrome can affect anyone. After recovery, some people will continue to have some degree of weakness. Fortunately, most people eventually recover from even the most severe cases of GBS. GBS can range from a very mild case with brief weakness to nearly devastating paralysis, leaving the person unable to breathe independently. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurological disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks part of its peripheral nervous system-the network of nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord. What is the long-term outlook for those with Guillain-Barré syndrome? How is Guillain-Barré syndrome diagnosed?
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